FRAMEWORK ACT ON EDUCATION

Article 1(Purpose) #

The purpose of this Act is to provide for the rights and duties of citizens and the obligations of the State and local governments on education, and prescribe an educational system and fundamental matters for its operation.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 2(Educational ideology) #

Education shall aim at enabling every citizen to lead a life worthy of humankind and to contribute to the development of a democratic state and the realization of an ideal of human co-prosperity, by ensuring cultivation of character, development of abilities for independent life, and necessary qualities as a democratic citizen under the humanitarian ideal.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 3(Right to learn) #

Every citizen shall have a right to learn through life and to receive an education according to his or her abilities and aptitudes.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 4(Equal opportunities in education) #

(1) No citizen shall be treated with discrimination in education for reasons of gender, religion, faith, race, social standing, economic status, or physical conditions, etc.

(2) The State and local governments shall prepare and implement policies for minimizing gaps in educational conditions, such as achieving a balance between supply of and demand for teachers among regions, to enable learners to gain access to equal opportunities in education.

(3) The State shall determine the appropriate number of students per class to improve educational environment, and cooperate with local governments to establish and implement policies for achieving the same. <Added on Sep. 24, 2021>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

[Title Amended on Sep. 24, 2021]

Article 5(Educational independence) #

(1) The State and local governments shall guarantee educational independence and specialty, and the State shall respect the autonomy of local governments in education. <Added on Sep. 24, 2021>

(2) The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies for providing education tailored to the specific circumstances of each region to schools under their jurisdiction and the affairs under their jurisdiction. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(3) The State and local governments shall respect the autonomy in school operation and guarantee participation by school personnel, students, parents, local residents, etc. in school operation, as prescribed by statutes or regulations. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 6(Educational neutrality) #

(1) Education shall be administered to secure the purpose of education per se and it shall not be used as a tool for propagating any political, factional, or individual biased views.

(2) No school founded by the State and the local government shall conduct religious education in favor of any particular religion.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 7(Educational finances) #

(1) The State and local governments shall establish and implement a policy necessary to secure stability of educational finances.

(2) Matters necessary for local education subsidies, etc. for stability of educational finances shall be determined separately by other statutes.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 8(Compulsory education) #

(1) Compulsory education shall be elementary education for six years and secondary education for three years.

(2) Every citizen shall have a right to receive the compulsory education referred to in paragraph (1).

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 9(School education) #

(1) Schools shall be established to provide early childhood education, elementary education, secondary education, and higher education.

(2) Schools shall be public in nature and shall make efforts to maintain and develop sciences and cultural heritage and promote the lifelong education of residents as well as educating students.

(3) School education shall be provided with an emphasis on education of the whole person, including the development of creativity and the cultivation of human nature for students.

(4) Fundamentals of school education, such as types, establishment, and management of schools, shall be determined separately by other statutes.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 10(Lifelong education) #

(1) All forms of lifelong education intended for all citizens shall be encouraged. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(2) Completion of lifelong education may be recognized as completion of school education equivalent thereto, as prescribed by statutes and regulations. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(3) Fundamentals of lifelong education, such as types, establishment, and management of institutions of lifelong education, shall be prescribed separately by other statutes. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

[Title Amended on Sep. 24, 2021]

Article 11(Establishment of schools) #

(1) The State and local governments shall establish and manage schools and institutions of lifelong education. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(2) Any juristic person or private person may establish and manage schools and institutions of lifelong education, as prescribed by statutes. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 12(Learners) #

(1) Fundamental human rights of learners including students shall be respected and protected in the process of school education or lifelong education. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(2) The curriculum of education, educational methods, educational materials, and educational facilities shall be provided to make the most of a learner's ability in a way that respects his or her personality and values his or her individuality.

(3) Students shall establish learning ethics and observe school regulations, and shall neither interfere with teachers' educational or research activities nor disturb school order. <Amended on Sep. 27, 2023>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 13(Guardians) #

(1) Guardians such as parents shall have a right and an obligation to educate their offspring or children under their care so that they grow up with good human nature and in perfect health.

(2) Guardian such as parents may present their opinions about education of their offspring or children under their care to schools, and the schools shall respect their opinions.

(3) Guardians, such as parents, shall cooperate and respect teachers and schools so that they can educate and guide students with professional judgment. <Added on Sep. 27, 2023>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 14(School teachers) #

(1) Professionalism of teachers in school education shall be respected, economic and social status of school teachers shall be privileged, and such status shall be guaranteed.

(2) The authority of teachers in school education regarding educational activities and student guidance shall be guaranteed as prescribed by statutes or regulations. <Added on January 21, 2025>

(3) School teachers shall make efforts to improve their character and quality as educators. <Amended on Jan. 21, 2025>

(4) School teachers shall establish educational ethics as a foundation for teaching students about learning ethics and knowledge, and developing aptitude of each student. <Amended on Mar. 23, 2021; Jan. 21, 2025>

(5) School teachers shall neither guide nor instigate students for the purpose of supporting or opposing any particular political party or faction. <Amended on Jan. 21, 2025>

(6) School teachers may hold other public positions as prescribed by statutes. <Amended on Jan. 21, 2025>

(7) Matters necessary for the appointment, service, remuneration, pension, etc. of school teachers shall be determined separately by other statutes. <Amended on Jan. 21, 2025>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 15(School teachers' organizations) #

(1) School teachers shall make efforts to promote education and to advance culture in cooperation with another, and they may form teachers' organizations at local governments and the central government to improve teachers' economic and social status.

(2) Necessary matters for forming teachers' organizations referred to in paragraph (1) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 16(Founders or managers of schools) #

(1) A founder or manager of a school or institution of lifelong education shall secure facilities, equipment, finances, school teachers for education, etc. and shall operate and manage them, as prescribed by statutes and regulations. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(2) The head of a school, or a founder or manager of an institution of lifelong education shall select and educate learners as prescribed by statutes and regulations and shall record and manage the course of education, such as academic records, etc. of learners. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(3) The curriculum of a school or an institution of lifelong education shall be open to learners in advance. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

Article 17(The State and local governments) #

The State and local governments shall provide direction and supervision to schools and institutions of lifelong education. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 17-2(Enhancement of gender equality awareness) #

(1) The State and local governments shall formulate and implement policies, including the following matters, to promote gender equality awareness more proactively, to protect the dignity of the gender of students, and to cultivate healthy sentiments toward gender: <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

1. Educational measures to encourage awareness of gender equality and practical abilities;

2. Educational plans that may respect the dignity and personality of individual students;

3. Educational measures to focus on nurturing areas where women's activities are weak, such as physical education and science and technology;

4. Selection of careers that depart from gender stereotypes and educational plans providing priority support therefor;

5. Plans for creating educational and convenience facilities and an educational environment in consideration of gender characteristics.

(2) The State and local governments, and founders or managers of schools or institutions of lifelong education referred to in Article 16 shall not discriminate against anyone by restricting or excluding his or her participation or benefits on the grounds of gender, without any reasonable grounds, when providing education. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(3) The head of a school shall systematically conduct gender equality education, including sex education, gender responsive education, sexual violence prevention education, etc. in accordance with the guidelines determined by the Minister of Education to promote awareness of gender equality. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(4) The Gender Equality Education Council shall be established to provide advice and suggestions to the Minister of Education on matters prescribed by Presidential Decree, such as standards for and content of the school curriculum for promoting gender equality in school education. <Amended on Feb. 29, 2008; Mar. 23, 2013; Sep. 24, 2021>

(5) Matters necessary for qualification, composition, operation, etc. of the members of the Gender Equality Education Council under paragraph (4) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

[Title Amended on Sep. 24, 2021]

Article 17-3(Establishment of learning ethics) #

The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies necessary for making all citizens enable to acquire ethics required for various processes of education, such as the studies, research, and examinations.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 17-4 #

Deleted. <Sep. 24, 2021>

Article 17-5(Cultivation of Consciousness of Respect for Life) #

The State and local governments shall formulate and implement policies necessary to ensure that all citizens can cultivate a sound awareness of human dignity and respect for life.

[This Article Added on Feb. 13, 2024]

[Previous Article 17-5 moved to Article 17-6 <Feb. 13, 2024>]

Article 17-6(Prevention of Safety-Related Accidents) #

The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies necessary for guaranteeing the safety of students, teachers, and staff and for preventing accidents.

[This Article Added on Jan. 20, 2015]

[Moved from Article 17-5; previous Article 17-6 Moved to Article 17-7 <Feb. 13, 2024>]

Article 17-7(Peaceful Pursuit of Reunification) #

The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies necessary for students or teachers to get education or training to build free democratic basic order and pursue the peaceful reunification.

[This Article Added on May 29, 2016]

[Moved from Article 17-6 <Feb. 13, 2024>]

Article 18(Special education) #

The State and local governments shall establish and manage schools for those who need special educational care due to physical, mental, and intellectual disabilities and shall establish and implement policies to support their education. <Amended on Mar. 23, 2021>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 19(Education for gifted children) #

The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies for education for gifted children in the fields of learning, arts, athletics, etc. <Amended on Mar. 23, 2021>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 20(Early childhood education) #

The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies necessary for promoting early childhood education.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 21(Vocational education) #

The State and local governments shall establish and implement necessary policies so that all citizens receive education intended to acquire knowledge about their vocation and to develop their vocational skills through school education and lifelong education. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 22(Science and technology education) #

The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies to promote science and technology education.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 22-2(Environmental education on climate change) #

The State and local governments shall take necessary measures so that all citizens can receive ecological transition education to cope with climate change, etc.

[This Article Added on Sep. 24, 2021]

[Previous Article 22-2 moved to Article 22-3 <Sep. 24, 2021>]

Article 22-3(Career education) #

The State and local governments shall formulate and implement policies necessary for career education so that all citizens can explore and design careers based on their talents and aptitudes.

[This Article Added on Sep. 14, 2023]

[Previous Article 22-3 moved to Article 22-4 <Sep. 14, 2023>]

Article 22-4(Physical education at schools) #

The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies necessary to improve students' physical strength and to encourage their physical activities.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

[Moved from Article 22-3 <Sep. 14, 2023>]

Article 22-5(Education on Use of Smart Devices) #

The State and local governments shall formulate and implement necessary policies, such as education on the correct use of smart devices, in order to prevent side effects caused by excessive use of smart devices.

[This Article Added on Dec. 20, 2024]

Article 23(Informatization of education) #

(1) The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies necessary for informatization of education, such as providing support for education on informatization and education through information communications media and promoting the educational information industry.

(2) Education on informatization under paragraph (1) shall include education regarding legal and ethical standards necessary to use information communications media in order to prevent any damage to others’ reputation, lives, bodies, and property.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 18, 2018]

Article 23-2(Computerization of administration of schools and educational organizations) #

The State and local governments shall devise policies for electronic processing of administration of schools and educational organizations.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 23-3(Principles of student information protection) #

(1) Student information such as school activity records shall be collected, processed, used, or managed for educational purpose.

(2) Guardians such as parents shall have a right to access to student information referred to in paragraph (1) on those under their care such as their offspring.

(3) The student information referred to in paragraph (1) may not be provided to a third party without a consent from the relevant student (where the student is a minor, the relevant student and his guardians such as his parents) except as provided in statutes.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 24(Promotion of science and culture) #

The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies, such as establishment of academic institutions and support for research fund, in order to research and promote sciences and culture.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 25(Fostering private schools) #

The State and local governments shall support and foster private schools and shall ensure that various and distinctive purposes of founding private schools shall be respected.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 26(Evaluation and certification system) #

(1) The State may establish and operate a system on achievement evaluation and certification of attainments so that citizens' academic records or such can be fairly evaluated and gain public recognition in society.

(2) The evaluation and certification system referred to in paragraph (1) shall be mutually linked to educational systems, such as school curricula.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 26-2(Disclosure of information related to education) #

(1) The State and local governments shall open to public information related to education under their possession and control, in order to guarantee citizens' right to know and to learn.

(2) Fundamentals for disclosure of information related to education referred to in paragraph (1) shall be prescribed separately by other statutes.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 26-3(Survey of statistics related to education) #

The State and local governments shall devise policies necessary for a survey of statistics related to education in order to effectively establish, implement and assess educational systems.

[This Article Added on Mar. 21, 2017]

Article 27(Promotion of health and welfare) #

(1) The State and local governments shall establish and implement necessary policies to promote health and welfare of students and school personnel. <Amended on Mar. 21, 2008>

(2) The State and local governments shall establish and implement policies necessary to construct housing for student welfare in order to create safe living environment for students. <Added on Mar. 21, 2008>

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 28(Scholarships) #

(1) The State and local governments shall establish and provide scholarships, educational expense assistance, etc. for persons who have difficulty receiving education due to financial hardships. <Amended on Mar. 23, 2021>

(2) The State may subsidize all or part of school tuition fees or other required expenses incurred by the following persons: <Amended on Mar. 23, 2021>

1. Persons who are in educational programs to be teachers;

2. Persons who major in or conduct research, inside or outside the country, in fields especially needed by the State.

(3) Necessary matters for methods or procedures for granting scholarships and subsidies for educational expenses, and the qualifications for and duties of those who are to be provided with such scholarships and subsidies under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be determined by Presidential Decree.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]

Article 29(Globalized education) #

(1) The State shall make efforts to provide globalized education for citizens to be equipped with knowledge and abilities as members of global community.

(2) The State shall formulate policies to conduct school education or lifelong education for Koreans residing overseas. <Amended on Sep. 24, 2021>

(3) The State shall provide policies on studying overseas to promote academic studies and shall support education and research activities for better understanding of the Republic to foreign countries and to establish the identity of Korean culture.

(4) The State shall provide policies for educational cooperation with foreign governments and international organizations.

[This Article Wholly Amended on Dec. 21, 2007]