ACT ON LIABILITY FOR ENVIRONMENTAL DAMAGE AND RELIEF THEREOF

Article 1(Purpose) #

The purpose of this Act is to contribute to providing the victims of environmental damage with prompt and unbiased relief by establishing an effective system of relief from damage, such as clarifying liability for damage caused by environmental pollution, easing burden of proof for victims, etc.

Article 2(Definitions) #

The terms used in this Act are defined as follows: <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

1. The term "environmental damage" means damage (including a series of damage due to the same cause) inflicted on the life, body (including mental harm) or property of any third person by air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, marine pollution, noise, vibration, and other causes prescribed by Presidential Decree that occur from installing and operating a facility; provided, the damage inflicted on a business owner and the damage suffered by employees of the business owner in the course of duties shall be excluded;

2. The term "facility" means a facility referred to in Article 3 to which liability for compensation, obligation to report, etc. under this Act apply, including equipment fixed to a place of business, warehouse, or land closely related to the installation and operation of the facility, and including machines, devices, vehicles, technical equipment, and accessory equipment that can be moved to new locations;

3. The term "business owner" means the owner, installer, or operator who has actual control over the relevant facility;

4. The term "environmental liability insurance" means an insurance contract concluded by a business owner and an insurer, stipulating the terms and conditions guaranteeing the liability for environmental damage, if occurs, under this Act;

5. The term "insurer" means an insurance company defined in the Insurance Business Act that undertakes to indemnify for environmental damage or guarantees to fulfill liability for damage according to the terms and conditions of an environmental liability insurance contract;

6. The term "policyholder" means an environmental liability insurance policyholder;

7. The term "operating institution" means an institution prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment for the conclusion of indemnity contracts under Article 17(2), the operation of the Relief Account entrusted under Article 44(2), etc.;

8. The term "indemnity contract" means an indemnity contract to compensate for environmental damage entered into between a business owner and an operating institution to assume liability to compensate for environmental damage;

9. The term "indemnity payment" means an amount paid by an operating institution to a business owner according to an indemnity contract entered into under Article 17(2).

Article 3(Facilities subject to this Act) #

Facilities subject to this Act are the following facilities: <Amended on Jan. 27, 2016; Jan. 17, 2017; Mar. 31, 2020>

1. Air pollutant-emitting facilities defined in subparagraph 11 of Article 2 of the Clean Air Conservation Act;

2. Wastewater discharge facilities or wastewater non-discharge facilities defined in subparagraph 10 or 11 of Article 2 of the Water Environment Conservation Act;

3. Waste disposal facilities defined in subparagraph 8 of Article 2 of the Wastes Control Act, installed by a waste treatment business operator pursuant to Article 25(3) of that Act and subject to approval or reporting pursuant to Article 29(2) of that Act;

4. Construction waste disposal facilities defined in subparagraph 16 of Article 2 of the Construction Waste Recycling Promotion Act (including temporary storage facilities approved under Article 13-2(2) of the Construction Waste Recycling Promotion Act);

5. Livestock excreta-generating facilities defined in subparagraph 3 of Article 2 of the Act on the Management and Use of Livestock Excreta, subject to permission or reporting pursuant to Article 11 of that Act;

6. Facilities subject to control of soil contamination defined in subparagraph 3 of Article 2 of the Soil Environment Conservation Act;

7. Handling facilities defined in subparagraph 11 of Article 2 of the Chemical Substances Control Act, major handling facilities under Article 23(4) of that Act, or handling facilities of a person who engages in hazardous chemical business under Article 27 of that Act;

8. Noise and vibration emission facilities defined in subparagraph 3 of Article 2 of the Noise and Vibration Control Act;

9. Discharge facilities defined in subparagraph 2 of Article 2 of the Persistent Pollutants Control Act;

10. Facilities prescribed by Presidential Decree among marine facilities defined in subparagraph 17 of Article 2 of the Marine Environment Management Act;

11. Other facilities prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 4(Responsibilities of the State) #

(1) The State shall prepare effective means of relief from environmental damage in compliance with the purpose of this Act, and formulate policies necessary for mitigating damage.

(2) Local governments shall endeavor to prevent environmental damage through the safety management of environmental pollutants and facilities in compliance with the policies of the State formulated under paragraph (1) and in consideration of regional characteristics.

(3) Business owners shall personally endeavor to prevent environmental damage arising from the installation and operation of facilities, take measures necessary for mitigating damage if an environmental pollution accident occurs, and cooperate in effectively implementing the policies of the State and local governments formulated under paragraphs (1) and (2).

Article 5(Relationship with other statutes and right to make claims) #

(1) Except as otherwise expressly prescribed by this Act, the provisions of the Civil Act shall apply to compensation for environmental damage arising from the installation and operation of facilities.

(2) No right to make a claim under this Act affects any right to make a claim under other Acts, such as the Civil Act.

Article 6(Business owners’ no-fault liability for environmental damage) #

(1) Where environmental damage occurs with regard to the installation and operation of a facility, a business owner of the facility shall compensate for the damage; provided, this shall not apply where such damage occurs due to a war, civil war, riot, natural disaster, or force majeure.

(2) Where environmental damage occurs due to a situation that occurred before the operation of a facility was suspended, a business owner who operated the facility shall make compensation pursuant to paragraph (1).

Article 7(Liability cap for compensation) #

The liability cap of a business owner for compensation for environmental damage shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree within a maximum of 200 billion won, based upon the scale of the relevant facility, the result of damage to occur, etc.; provided, this shall not apply in any of the following circumstances: <Amended on May 26, 2020>

1. Where environmental damage occurs due to intentional or gross negligence of the business owner;

2. Where the business owner fails to observe relevant Acts and subordinate statutes, such as that he or she fails to observe safety management standards related to the installation and operation of a facility that has caused damage, he or she discharges pollutants in excess of permissible discharge limits, etc.;

3. Where the business owner who has caused environmental damage fails to take adequate measures to prevent and control the environmental damage, such as prevention of spread of damage.

Article 8(Business owners’ duty to report) #

(1) Where an environmental pollution accident occurs in a facility, the business owner of the facility shall immediately report the environmental pollution accident to relevant administrative agencies, such as a regional environmental office, Special Metropolitan City, Metropolitan City, Special Self-Governing City, Do, Special Self-Governing Province, Si, Gun, or autonomous Gu.

(2) A business owner shall promptly provide (including share) regular employees and residents in the affected area with information on environmental pollution, and take emergency measures necessary for preventing damage.

(3) A business owner shall record and preserve the outline, result, etc. of the occurrence of environmental pollution accidents, as prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(4) Where the gravity and urgency of an environmental pollution accident is recognized, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment or the head of a local government may order the relevant business owner to suspend the operation of the relevant facility. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 9(Presumption of causal relationship) #

(1) Where it is highly probable to believe that a facility has caused environmental damage exists, such environmental damage is presumed to have occurred from the facility.

(2) Whether sufficient probability referred to in paragraph (1) exists shall be determined in consideration of the operation process of a facility, equipment in use, types and concentration of input or discharged materials, weather conditions, when and where damage has occurred, status of damage, circumstances affecting the occurrence of damage, etc. <Amended on May 26, 2020>

(3) Where a business owner proves that environmental damage has occurred due to other reasons, or that he or she has fulfilled the responsibilities under Article 4(3), such as that he or she has observed all provisions of Acts and subordinate statutes governing the environment and safety, and all terms and conditions of authorization and permission related to the cause of occurrence of the environmental damage prescribed by Presidential Decree, and he or she has endeavored to prevent environmental damage, etc., he or she shall be exempt from presumption under paragraph (1).

Article 10(Joint and several liability) #

Where at least two business owners have caused environmental damage and it is impracticable to identify which business owner is liable for the environmental damage, such business owners shall jointly and severally compensate for such environmental damage.

Article 11(Claims for reimbursement) #

(1) A business owner who, pursuant to Article 6, has compensated for environmental damage arising from the installation and operation of a facility by a third business owner may make a claim for reimbursement to the third business owner.

(2) Where environmental damage has been caused by the supply of materials and services used for the installation and operation of a facility, a business owner may make a claim for reimbursement only where the person who has supplied such materials and services is intentionally or grossly negligent.

Article 12(Allocation of liability) #

(1) Where a business owner prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment contracts out (including subcontracting; hereafter the same shall apply in this Article) the installation and operation of a facility, he or she shall specify the ground for contracting out, the plan for contracting out, allocation of liability for reimbursement under this Act, etc. on the written contract and report thereon to the authorizing or permitting agency of the facility. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) Where any terms and conditions of contract under paragraph (1) has become substantially unfair or are contrary to good customs and public order in light of the overall business relationship, such terms and conditions shall be made null and void.

(3) Where a contractor has contracted out the installation and operation of a facility, he or she shall be bound to manage and supervise a contractee (including a subcontractor; hereafter the same shall apply in this Article), and shall not unreasonably request the contractee to install and operate the facility.

(4) Where a contractor under paragraph (1) violates this Act with regard to contracted duties, the violation of this Act shall also affect a contractee.

Article 13(Methods of compensation) #

Environmental damage shall be indemnified monetarily; provided, where re-instatement is possible without incurring excess expenses compared with the amount of indemnity payments, a victim of the environmental damage may request re-instatement.

Article 14(Requests to reimburse for expenses for reinstatement) #

Where environmental damage arising from a facility simultaneously causes damage to the natural environment defined in subparagraph 1 of Article 2 of the Natural Environment Conservation Act or to the natural scenery defined in subparagraph 10 of Article 2 of that Act, a victim of the environmental damage may request re-instatement to the relevant business owner or directly reinstate the damaged part. If the victim of such environmental damage directly reinstates the damaged part, he or she may request the relevant business owner to reimburse for expenses incurred in such reinstatement.

Article 15(Right to request information) #

(1) Where it becomes necessary to determine the establishment and scope of a right to claim compensation for damage under this Act, a victim may request a business owner of the relevant facility to provide information on the details provided for in Article 9(2) or to permit perusal thereof.

(2) A business owner in receipt of a claim for compensation for damage under this Act may request a third business owner to provide information on the details provided for in Article 9(2) or to permit perusal thereof in order to determine the scope of the compensation for damage to a victim or the scope of a right to reimbursement from the third business owner.

(3) A person in receipt of a request for provision or perusal of information under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall provide relevant information or permit perusal thereof.

(4) Where a request for provision or perusal of information is rejected for reasons of business confidentiality, etc., a victim or a business owner under paragraph (1) or (2) may request the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment to issue an order permitting the provision or perusal of information. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(5) Where a request is made under paragraph (4), the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment shall determine whether to issue an order to provide information or to allow inspection after deliberation by the Environmental Health Council under Article 9 of the Environmental Health Act (hereinafter referred to as the “Environmental Health Council”) and may, in accordance with such determination, order the relevant business owner to provide information or to allow inspection. <Amended on Mar. 19, 2024; Oct. 1, 2025>

(6) No person who has been provided with information or has perused information pursuant to paragraphs (1), (2), and (5) shall misappropriate the information, such as using the information for other than the purpose, or providing the information to any third persons.

(7) Procedures for making requests for provision or perusal of information under paragraphs (1) through (5), and other necessary matters shall be prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 16 #

Deleted. <Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 17(Obligation to purchase environmental liability insurance) #

(1) A business owner who installs and operates any of the following facilities shall purchase environmental liability insurance:

1. A facility referred to in subparagraph 1 of Article 3 that discharges specified hazardous air pollutants;

2. A facility referred to in subparagraph 2 of Article 3 that discharges specified hazardous water pollutants;

3. A facility referred to in subparagraph 3 of Article 3 that treats designated wastes;

4. A facility referred to in subparagraph 6 of Article 3 prescribed by Presidential Decree;

5. A facility referred to in subparagraph 7 of Article 3 prescribed by Presidential Decree;

6. A facility falling under subparagraph 10 of Article 3;

7. Other facilities highly likely to cause environmental damage that are prescribed by Presidential Decree.

(2) A business owner referred to in paragraph (1) shall conclude an indemnity contract with an operating institution, as prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment, in any of the following circumstances: <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

1. Where his or her application for environmental liability insurance is rejected;

2. Where no environmental liability insurance is developed and operated;

3. Where the terms and conditions of relevant environmental liability insurance become substantially unfair and in other circumstances prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment.

(3) No business owner referred to in paragraph (1) shall operate any facility unless after he or she has purchased environmental liability insurance or has entered into an indemnity contract; provided, a business owner shall purchase environmental liability insurance or enter into an indemnity contract before any of the following facilities is installed: <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017>

1. A facility prescribed by Presidential Decree, among the facilities subject to control of soil contamination under subparagraph 6 of Article 3;

2. A facility prescribed by Presidential Decree, among the chemical substance-handling facilities under subparagraph 7 of Article 3;

3. A facility falling under subparagraph 10 of Article 3;

(4) A business owner shall submit the matters prescribed by Presidential Decree, such as the type and size of the relevant facilities, the type and quantity of pollutants emitted therefrom, to an insurer or the head of the relevant operating institution when purchasing environmental liability insurance on facilities referred to in each subparagraph of paragraph (1) or concluding an indemnity contract. <Added on Apr. 18, 2023>

(5) Where a business owner who purchases environmental liability insurance under paragraph (1) or concludes an indemnity contract under paragraph (2) intends to obtain authorization or permission for, or to file a registration or report on, any change to relevant facilities, the existing environmental liability insurance or indemnity contract shall be changed to in conformity therewith. <Added on Apr. 18, 2023>

(6) The coverage amount of environmental liability insurance and an indemnity contract, scope of coverage, and other necessary matters shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Apr. 18, 2023>

Article 17-2(Administration of insurance business) #

The environmental liability insurance business under this Act shall be administered by the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment.

[This Article Added on Nov. 11, 2025]

Article 18(Insurers) #

(1) Insurers shall enter into an agreement on the management, etc. of environmental liability insurance business with the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment after deliberation by the Environmental Health Council. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Mar. 19, 2024; Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) Where it is necessary for efficiently operating the environmental liability insurance business and diversifying risks, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may form an environmental liability insurance business group (hereinafter referred to as "insurance business group") for which multiple insurers are jointly responsible. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(3) Where a business owner referred to in Article 17(1) intends to purchase environmental liability insurance, no insurer shall refuse to conclude a contract unless the grounds prescribed by Presidential Decree exist, such as suspension of operation.

(4) Where a business owner is highly likely to cause environmental damage or in circumstances prescribed by Presidential Decree, multiple insurers may jointly conclude an environmental liability insurance contract under Article 17(1), notwithstanding paragraph (3). In such case, the insurers shall inform the business owner of procedures for concluding a joint contract and insurance premiums.

(5) Where multiple insurers form an insurance business group, they shall select a representative insurer.

(6) Matters necessary for entering into an agreement on the management, etc. of environmental liability insurance business under paragraph (1), formation of an insurance business group, selection of a representative insurer under paragraph (5), and other matters shall be prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 18-2(Calculation of premium rates) #

(1) An insurer shall calculate the premium rates for environmental liability insurance for each facility subject to insurance coverage based on objective and reasonable statistical data, reflecting the following:

1. The principles for calculating premium rates under Article 129 of the Insurance Business Act shall be applied;

2. The results of fact-finding surveys on facilities under Article 38-2 and other relevant factors shall be reflected.

(2) An insurer intending to conclude an agreement with the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment under Article 18(1) shall submit the following documents to the Minister:

1. A business method statement, insurance terms and conditions, and a statement of calculation methods for insurance premiums and surrender values (hereinafter referred to as “basic documents”);

2. Other documents prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment, such as the articles of incorporation and a certified copy of the corporate register.

(3) If an insurer intends to submit or modify the basic documents, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment shall require deliberation by the Environmental Health Council and may require that a verification certificate issued by a premium rate calculation agency under Article 176 of the Insurance Business Act or by an independent actuary under Article 128(2) of that Act be attached to the statement of calculation methods for insurance premiums and surrender values.

[This Article Added on Nov. 11, 2025]

Article 18-3(Formation of environmental damage reserves) #

(1) An insurer shall accumulate environmental damage reserves (hereinafter referred to as "environmental damage reserves") to prepare for the payment of insurance proceeds arising from the risk of large-scale environmental damage.

(2) The environmental damage reserves shall be accumulated at a rate prescribed by Presidential Decree within the scope of the net premium of environmental liability insurance (referring to the premium allocated for the payment of insurance proceeds).

(3) The environmental damage reserves shall be formed with the reserves accumulated under paragraph (2), the proceeds from the operation thereof, and other income.

(4) If the insurance proceeds arising from large-scale environmental damage exceed the amount calculated based on the loss ratio prescribed by Presidential Decree, the insurer shall first appropriate the environmental damage reserves; and if the amount to be appropriated exceeds the accumulated environmental damage reserves, it shall be paid from the Environmental Damage Relief Account under Article 35.

(5) Matters necessary for the accumulation, management, and operation, etc. of the environmental damage reserves shall be prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment.

[This Article Added on Nov. 11, 2025]

Article 19(Operation and management of environmental liability insurance) #

(1) To increase business owners’ endeavor to mitigate environmental damage, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may determine standards for deductibles to be borne by business owners in environmental liability insurance after deliberation by the Environmental Health Council. <Amended on Mar. 19, 2024; Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) Where an authorizing or permitting (including registration, reporting, and modifications; hereinafter the same shall apply) agency of facilities referred to in Article 17(1) grants authorization of, or permission for, the facilities, it shall verify whether the relevant business owner has purchased environmental liability insurance or has entered into an indemnity contract that meets the standards under this Act. In such cases, the head of an authorizing or permitting agency may request the insurers or the head of the operating institution to provide necessary data or information. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023>

(3) The business owner of any of the facilities referred to in Article 17(1) shall submit a certificate of environmental liability insurance to the authorizing or permitting agency of such facilities.

(4) Every insurer shall give notice to a business owner who has purchased environmental liability insurance that the environmental liability insurance is expiring, between 75 days to 30 days, and 30 days to 10 days respectively, before the expiration of such environmental liability insurance; provided, this shall not apply in any of the following circumstances:

1. Where the period of the insurance contract is less than one month;

2. Where the business owner renews the insurance contract with the former insurer;

3. Where the insurer becomes aware of that the business owner has concluded a new contract with a third insurer.

(5) Where a business owner bound to purchase environmental liability insurance concludes or terminates an environmental liability insurance contract, the relevant insurer shall notify an authorizing or permitting agency or relevant specialized institution entrusted by the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment pursuant to Article 44(3) with management duties, such as purchase and termination of environmental liability insurance, of such fact in the manner prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Oct. 1, 2025>

(6) An insurer shall make profits and losses of environmental liability insurance transparent by keeping the accounting of the environmental liability insurance separately from other accounts.

(7) The Environmental Health Council shall deliberate on and determine matters regarding environmental liability insurance under this Act. Other matters necessary for the deliberation and determination of the Council shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree. <Added on Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 20(Advance payment of some of insurance proceeds) #

(1) A victim may make a direct claim for insurance proceeds to an insurer.

(2) Upon the expiration of the period prescribed by Presidential Decree from the date a claim is made under paragraph (1), an insurer shall make an advance payment of some of the estimated insurance proceeds to the victim, at the request of the victim, even before insurance proceeds payable are determined. <Amended on May 26, 2020>

(3) Standards for advance payments under paragraph (2) shall be prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 20-2(Investigation of damage and assessment of damages) #

(1) Where it is deemed necessary to compensate through environmental liability insurance because a facility insured for environmental liability insurance is found to have caused environmental damage of at least the scale prescribed by Presidential Decree from an epidemiological investigation under Article 15(2) of the Environmental Health Act or a health impact investigation by a petition under Article 17 of that Act, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may demand an insurer to investigate the damage and to assess the amount of damage (hereinafter referred to as "damage investigation, etc."). <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may conduct a damage investigation, etc. in cases prescribed by Presidential Decree, such as where an insurer fails to commence the damage investigation, etc. without good reason, despite a request for the damage investigation, etc. under paragraph (1). <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(3) Where the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment conducts a damage investigation, etc., pursuant to paragraph (2), he or she shall notify an insurer, the insured, and the victim of the fact that he or she has commenced the investigation and the results thereof. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(4) Specific matters relating to the methods and procedures for damage investigations, etc. under paragraph (2) and other relevant matters shall be prescribed by Decree of the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

[This Article Added on Apr. 18, 2023]

Article 21(Preferential payment made to holders of right to claim compensation for damage) #

(1) A victim has a right to be indemnified in preference to other creditors when claiming compensation for damage. <Amended on May 26, 2020>

(2) No right to claim insurance proceeds under this Act shall be transferred, seized or provided as security.

Article 22(Re-insurance business) #

(1) The Government may run re-insurance business covering environmental liability insurance.

(2) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment shall enter into an agreement with insurers that intends to purchase re-insurance. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(3) Matters necessary for the operation of re-insurance business, such as re-insurance premiums, re-insurance proceeds, and selection of reinsurers, shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

(4) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may entrust an operating institution with matters concerning the operation of re-insurance business and the conclusion of agreements under paragraphs (1) and (2). <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 23(Relief from environmental damage) #

(1) Where a victim fails to fully or partially receive compensation for environmental damage on any of the following grounds, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may pay money for relief from environmental damage (hereinafter referred to as "relief money") to the victim or his or her bereaved family members (hereinafter referred to as "victim, etc.") in accordance with the deliberation and determination of an environmental dispute resolution and damage relief committee under Article 4 of the Act on Environmental Dispute Resolution and Environmental Damage Relief (hereinafter referred to as the “committee”): <Amended on May 26, 2020; Mar. 19, 2024; Oct. 1, 2025>

1. Where a person who causes environmental damage is unknown, his or her existence is not obvious, or he or she is insolvent;

2. Where the relief money exceeds the liability cap for compensation under Article 7.

(2) Notwithstanding paragraph (1), the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may make an advance payment of relief money to a victim, etc. at his or her request in any of the following circumstances: <Amended on Aug. 16, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

1. Cases where an environmental liability insurance contract under Article 17(1) or indemnity contract covering environmental damage has not been concluded or has lost effect;

2. Cases where an insurer fails to make an advance payment of some of insurance proceeds, notwithstanding Article 20(2);

(2) The effect of an administrative disposition under paragraph (1) shall be succeeded to the transferee of the relevant facility; provided, this shall not apply where the transferee proves that he or she was unaware of the administrative disposition imposed on the previous business operator or of the previous business operator's violation. <Amended on Mar. 19, 2024>

(3) The kinds and maximum limit of relief money, and other matters necessary for paying relief money shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

(4) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment that has paid relief money to a victim on the grounds provided for in paragraph (1)1 or (2) for environmental damage for which a business owner is responsible to compensate may claim a reimbursement to the business owner within the liability cap for compensation under Article 7 and the relief money paid. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 24(Environmental damage investigation team) #

(1) Deleted. <Mar. 19, 2024>

(2) The committee may establish and operate an environmental damage investigation team (hereinafter referred to as the "investigation team") to investigate and research matters necessary for the deliberation and determination of matters regarding the payment of relief money under Article 23(1). <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

(3) Matters necessary for the composition, operation, etc. of the investigation team shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree. <Amended on Mar. 19, 2024>

[Title Amended on Mar. 19, 2024].

Article 25(Filing applications for relief money and payment thereof) #

(1) A victim, etc. intending to receive relief money shall file an application for the payment of relief money with the committee. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

(2) Within 30 days from the receipt of an application filed under paragraph (1) (if the application documents are supplemented and submitted, from the date of such submission), the committee shall conduct an investigation (hereinafter referred to as "preliminary investigation") into whether a victim, etc. satisfies the requirements for the payment of relief money (hereinafter referred to as "payment requirements") and notify the victim, etc. and an institution entrusted with the tasks of paying relief money under Article 44 of the results thereof; provided, if there is good cause, such period may be extended by up to 15 days. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

(3) If a victim, etc. is found to satisfy the payment requirements based on the results of a preliminary investigation and files an application for advance payment, the committee may decide to make an advance payment of part of the relief money. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

(4) Where a victim, etc. is found to satisfy the payment requirements based on a preliminary investigation, the committee shall conduct a full investigation into damage and notify the victim, etc. and an institution entrusted with the tasks of paying relief money under Article 44 of the decision on whether to pay relief money, the degree of damage, etc., within 60 days from the date of notification of the results; provided, if it is impracticable to determine whether to pay relief money for good cause, such as medical reasons, such period may be extended by up to 30 days. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

(5) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment shall pay relief money within 30 days from the date it has decided to pay relief money; provided, it may extend the said period by up to 15 days if it is impracticable to pay relief money due to extenuating circumstances. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Oct. 1, 2025>

(6) Methods of filing applications under paragraph (1), the details and methods of conducting preliminary and main inspections, standards for making advance payments, and degree of damage under paragraphs (2) through (4), and other necessary matters shall be prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 26(Restrictions on payment of relief money) #

(1) If a person entitled to relief money is deemed to have aggravated the condition of his or her illness or to have hindered the cure of his or her illness by intention or gross negligence, the committee may decide to suspend the payment of all or part of the relief money. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

(2) If a person entitled to relief money is deemed to have recovered from his or her illness, the committee may suspend the payment of the relief money. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

(3) When the committee decides to suspend the payment of relief money under paragraph (1) or (2), it shall, without delay, notify the relevant victim, etc. and the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment (including an institution entrusted with the tasks of paying relief money under Article 44) of such decision. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024; Oct. 1, 2025>

(4) Matters necessary for restricting the payment of relief money shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 27(Scope of bereaved family members and priority order) #

(1) Bereaved family members entitled to relief money shall be limited to a victim’s spouse (including a person in a de facto marital relationship), children, parents, grandchildren, grandparents, brothers, and sisters who live together with the victim as at the time of his or her death. <Amended on May 26, 2020>

(2) The priority order of bereaved family members entitled to relief money shall be as enumerated in paragraph (1); provided, in the case of parents, foster parents shall be prioritized, and biological parents given lower priority.

(3) In defining the scope of bereaved family members under paragraph (1), a fetus shall be deemed already born as at the time of death of a victim.

(4) Where at least two bereaved family members entitled to relief money under paragraph (1) are given the same priority, equally divided relief money shall be paid to such bereaved family members.

(5) No bereaved family member is entitled to relief money in any of the following cases: <Amended on May 26, 2020>

1. Where he or she intentionally causes the death of a victim;

2. Where he or she intentionally causes the death of a person who is to become a bereaved family member entitled to relief money due to the death of a victim and is expected to be prioritized or in the same priority order before the death of the victim;

3. He or she intentionally causes the death of a bereaved family member entitled to relief money who is prioritized or is the same priority order after the death of a victim.

Article 28(Filing of request for re-examination) #

(1) A person who objects to any of the following decisions, etc. (hereinafter referred to as “decisions, etc.”) may file a request for re-examination with the committee: <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

1. Matters concerning the results of preliminary investigations under Article 25(2);

2. Matters concerning decisions to pay relief money under Article 25(4);

3. Matters concerning the amount recovered under Article 37(4).

(2) A request for re-examination under paragraph (1) shall be filed within 90 days from the date a person becomes aware that a decision, etc. has been made; provided, the period during which a request for re-examination cannot be filed due to a natural disaster, war, incident, or any other force majeure event shall be excluded from the period for filing a request for re-examination. <Amended on May 26, 2020; Mar. 19, 2024>

(3) Matters necessary for the procedures and methods for filing requests for re-examinations, the making of decisions, the notification of such decisions, etc. shall be prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Mar. 19, 2024; Oct. 1, 2025>

[Title Amended on Mar. 19, 2024].

Article 29 #

Deleted. <Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 30(Review of, and decision on, request for re-examination) #

(1) The committee shall make a decision on a request for re-examination within 30 days from the date such request is filed under Article 28; provided, if a decision cannot be made within such period due to any unavoidable cause, the period may be extended only once by up to 30 days. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; May 26, 2020; Mar. 19, 2024>

(2) If necessary for reviewing a request for re-examination, the committee, at the application of a requester or ex officio, may require: <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

1. A requester or interested person to appear at a designated place to inquire of him or her or state his or her opinions;

2. A requester or interested person to submit documents or other items that can be used as evidence;

3. A third party with expertise or experience to conduct appraisal or diagnosis.

[Title Amended on Mar. 19, 2024].

Article 31 #

Deleted. <Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 32 #

Deleted. <Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 33 #

Deleted. <Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 34(Compensation for damage and relationship with other relief) #

(1) No relief money shall be paid to any victim or his or her bereaved family member if the victim or his or her bereaved family member is entitled to compensation for damage, relief, etc. under this Act or other Acts and subordinate statutes on the ground of the relevant environmental damage.

(2) Where a person entitled to relief money has already received compensation, relief, etc. corresponding to such relief money for the same reason pursuant to the Civil Act or other Acts and subordinate statutes, he or she shall be paid relief money after deducting compensation, relief, etc. already received.

(3) Where litigation is pending over a case for which a request for relief money is filed, deliberation on relief money over the case may be suspended by determination of the committee. <Amended on Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 35(Environmental Damage Relief Account) #

(1) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may open and operate an account for relief from environmental damage (hereinafter referred to as the "Relief Account") to cover finances necessary for making indemnity payments under indemnity contracts, relief money, etc. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) The Relief Account shall be operated with the following: <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017>

1. Re-insurance premiums;

2. Amounts of an indemnity contract;

3. Revenues from the operation of the Relief Account and other revenues;

4. Loans obtained under paragraph (3);

5. Indemnity money received by making a claim for reimbursement under Article 23(4);

6. Re-insurance proceeds recovered or relief money recovered under Article 37(4);

7. Donations from individuals, corporations, or organizations;

8. Contributions from the Government or entities other than the Government.

(3) Where necessary for operating the Relief Account, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may obtain loans from financial institutions at the expense of the Relief Account. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

(4) Notwithstanding Article 5(2) of the Act on Collection and Use of Donations, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may receive voluntarily donated money and items insofar as they serve the purpose of relief from environmental damage. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

(5) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment shall manage money and items donated under paragraph (4) by establishing a separate account within the Relief Account. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 36(Uses of Relief Account) #

The Relief Account shall be used to: <Amended on Nov. 11, 2025>

1. Make indemnity payments under indemnity contracts;

2. Make payments or advance payments of relief money;

3. Repay principal and interest of loans under Article 35(3);

4. Disburse expenses (including entrustment expenses) incurred in managing and operating the Relief Account;

5. Pay re-insurance premiums;

6. Conduct surveys and research to appraise environmental damage, mitigate damage, etc.;

7. Pay insurance proceeds exceeding environmental damage reserves due to large-scale environmental damage;

8. Disburse expenses deemed necessary for maintaining and improving the environmental damage relief system.

Article 37(Management and operation of Relief Account) #

(1) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment shall operate assets of the Relief Account separately from other assets. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may accumulate the remaining funds in the Relief Account that are not used for relief money, etc. during the relevant year to use it for relief duties for the following year. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

(3) Persons performing in the tasks entrusted under Article 44(2) through (4) and insurers under this Act shall be deemed public officials for purposes of applying Articles 129 through 132 of the Criminal Act. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

(4) Where the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment has erroneously paid relief money or a victim, etc. have been paid relief money by fraud or improper means, he or she shall recover the full amount paid (referring to two times the amount paid if a victim, etc. are paid by fraud or improper means) and pay it into the Relief Account. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

(5) Where a person liable to pay back the relief money under paragraph (4) fails to pay it by the due date, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment shall recover the relief money in the same manner as delinquent national taxes are collected, with the approval of the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 38(Building and operation of computer system) #

(1) In order to utilize administrative information necessary for performing duties, such as granting authorization and permission, and statistics on administrative disposition, in formulating policies on, and conducting surveys and research on environmental liability insurance, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may build and operate a computer system. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) In order to efficiently manage business owners who have not purchased environmental liability insurance, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may build and operate a computer system for environmental liability insurance computer by interconnecting the computer system built and operated pursuant to paragraph (1) and computer systems managed and operated by insurers, relevant organizations, etc. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(3) In order to build and operate the computer system under paragraph (1) and the computer system for environmental liability insurance under paragraph (2), the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may request necessary data and information from authorizing or permitting agencies, insurers, relevant organizations, etc. In such cases, an entity in receipt of a request for necessary data or information shall comply with such request except in exceptional circumstances. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(4) In order to build and operate the computer system under paragraph (1), the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may use: <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

1. Disaster records prepared pursuant to Article 70 of the Framework Act on the Management of Disasters and Safety;

2. Data on business registration under Article 8 of the Value-Added Tax Act;

3. Data prescribed by Presidential Decree among the data on policyholders under Article 5 of the Act on the Collection of Insurance Premiums for Employment Insurance and Industrial Accident Compensation Insurance.

Article 38-2(Fact-finding survey on facilities) #

(1) In order to prevent environmental damage, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may conduct a fact-finding survey on environmental safety control of facilities subject to environmental liability insurance. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) Detailed objects, methods, etc. of fact-finding surveys on environmental safety control under paragraph (1) shall be prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

[This Article Added on Apr. 18, 2023]

Article 39(Submission of data, inspections, and reporting) #

(1) Where deemed necessary to soundly operate environmental liability insurance and to protect policyholders and the insured, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may require insurers to report on the status of conducting insurance business or to submit relevant documents. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) If deemed necessary, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may order a business owner or a person entrusted with authority pursuant to Article 44(2) and (3) to report or require subordinate public officials to enter the office, factory, etc. of such business owner, etc. to inspect relevant books, documents, or other necessary items, or to inquire of interested parties. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Oct. 1, 2025>

(3) Any public official who conducts an inspection or makes inquires under paragraph (2) shall carry an identification indicating his or her authority and present it upon request by interested parties.

(4) Insurers shall submit financial statements, business reports, etc. related to environmental liability insurance to the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment and the operating institution, as prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 40(Scientific surveys and research) #

(1) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment shall formulate policies to promote scientific surveys and research related to the prevention of environmental damage, the environmental liability insurance system, etc. and the development of relevant technologies. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment shall formulate a plan to educate and train experts necessary for operating environmental liability insurance, such as appraisal of environmental damage. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(3) In order to encourage business owners to purchase environmental liability insurance and revitalize environmental liability insurance, the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may develop and disseminate insurance products for facilities, other than facilities subject to mandatory purchase of environmental liability insurance under the subparagraphs of Article 17(1). <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(4) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may conduct a pilot project if he or she intends to introduce a new insurance product or in other necessary circumstances. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(5) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may provide support necessary for conducting scientific surveys and research, training experts, and conducting pilot projects under paragraphs (1) through (4). <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 41(Subsidization) #

(1) The State may provide partially subsidize insurance premiums borne by an environmental liability insurance policyholder within budgetary limits to a business owner who conscientiously performs environmental management duties under relevant Acts and subordinate statutes among small enterprises as defined in Article 2(2) of the Framework Act on Small and Medium Enterprises.

(2) Standards for business owners eligible for subsidization under paragraph (1), and other necessary matters shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 42(Support for litigation to socially disadvantaged classes) #

(1) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may provide support to victims in socially disadvantaged classes prescribed by Presidential Decree, such as low-income earners, senior citizens, and the weak, and persons with disabilities, in filing a litigation seeking compensation for damage related to the liability for compensation under Article 6. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may operate an attorney group supporting environmental damage litigation (hereinafter referred to as "litigation support group") to provide support under paragraph (1). <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

(3) Matters necessary for the details of support, methods of applying for support, formation and operation of a litigation support group under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be prescribed by Decree of the Ministry of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>

Article 43(Administrative dispositions) #

(1) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may order a business owner who installs and operates a facility in violation of Article 17(3) or who fails to change environmental liability insurance, etc. in violation of Article 17(5) to suspend the operation of the relevant facility for a specified period not exceeding 6 months. <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) The effect of an administrative disposition under paragraph (1) shall be succeeded to the transferee of the relevant facility; provided, this shall not apply where the transferee proves that he or she was unaware of the administrative disposition imposed on the previous business operator or of the previous business operator’s violation. <Amended on Mar. 19, 2024>

(3) Standards for administrative dispositions under paragraph (1) shall be prescribed by Presidential Decree.

Article 44(Delegation and entrustment of authority) #

(1) Part of the authority of the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment under this Act may be delegated to Mayors/Do Governors, the heads of affiliated institutions, or the heads of regional marine environmental agencies, as prescribed by Presidential Decree. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Apr. 18, 2023; Oct. 1, 2025>

(2) The Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment may entrust the tasks under Articles 23, 25(5), 35, and 37 to the head of an operating institution. <Added on Dec. 12, 2017; Apr. 18, 2023; Mar. 19, 2024; Oct. 1, 2025>

(3) Except as provided in paragraphs (1) and (2), part of the duties of the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment under this Act may be entrusted to the heads of relevant specialized institutions, as prescribed by Presidential Decree. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Oct. 1, 2025>

(5) The committee may entrust part of its business affairs under this Act to the head of an operating institution, as prescribed by Presidential Decree. <Added on Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 45(Information users’ obligation) #

No person entrusted with the duties pursuant to Article 44(2) through (4), institution entrusted with the calculation of premium rates and the appraisal of damage, and person engaged in the affairs concerning environmental liability insurance and the Relief Account shall divulge any information he or she has become aware of in the course of performing his or her duties or misappropriate it, such as providing it to any third person. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 46(Legal fiction as public officials for purposes of applying penalty provisions) #

Persons performing in the tasks entrusted under Article 44(2) through (4) and insurers under this Act shall be deemed public officials for purposes of applying Articles 129 through 132 of the Criminal Act. <Amended on Dec. 12, 2017; Mar. 19, 2024>

Article 47(Penalty provisions) #

(1) Any person who receives relief money by fraud or other improper means shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for up to two years, or by a fine not exceeding 20 million won.

(2) Any of the following persons shall be punished by imprisonment with labor for up to one year, or by a fine not exceeding 10 million won: <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023>

1. A person who divulges or provides information to any third persons or misappropriates it, in violation of Article 15(6) or Article 45;

2. A business owner who fails to purchase environmental liability insurance or to conclude an indemnity contract, in violation of Article 17(1) through (3);

3. A business owner who fails to change environmental liability insurance or an indemnity contract in compliance with authorization or permission for, or registration or reporting of, any change, in violation of Article 17(5).

Article 48(Joint penalty provisions) #

Where the representative of a corporation, or an agent, employee, or other servant of the corporation or an individual commits a violation under Article 47 in connection with the business of the corporation or the individual, not only shall such violator be punished, but also the corporation or individual shall be punished by a fine under relevant provision; provided, this shall not apply where such corporation or individual has not been negligent in giving due attention and supervision over the relevant business to prevent such violation.

Article 49(Administrative fines) #

(1) Any of the following persons shall be subject to an administrative fine not exceeding 10 million won: <Amended on Apr. 18, 2023>

1. A business owner who fails to submit the matters prescribed by Presidential Decree when purchasing an environmental liability insurance or entering into an indemnity contract, or who prepares and submits a false report, in violation of Article 17(4);

2. An insurer who refuses to conclude a contract with a business owner intending to subscribe to environmental liability insurance under Article 17(1), in violation of Article 18(3);

3. An insurer who fails to make an advance payment, in violation of Article 20(2).

(2) Any of the following persons shall be punished by an administrative fine not exceeding five million won:

1. A business owner who fails to provide information, refuses to allow perusal, or provides false information, in violation of Article 15(3) or (5);

2. An insurer who fails to provide information or give notice, in violation of Article 18(4) or 19(4) or (5);

3. An insurer who fails to report or submit data, in violation of Article 39(1);

4. An insurer who refuses, interferes with, or evades an inspection, a request for reporting, or an inquiry under Article 39(2) without justifiable reasons;

5. An insurer who fails to submit a financial statement, business report, etc., in violation of Article 39(4).

(3) Administrative fines prescribed under paragraphs (1) and (2) shall be imposed and collected by the Minister of Climate, Energy and Environment. <Amended on Oct. 1, 2025>